Joan Miro

Joan Miró i Ferrà sinh ngày 20 tháng 4 năm 1893 - mất ngày 25 tháng 12 năm 1983) là một họa sĩ, nhà điêu khác, nghệ nhân gốm xứ, người dân xứ Catalan thuộc Tây Ban Nha, sinh ra ở Barcelona. Bảo tàng Fundació Joan Miró dành riêng cho công việc của ông và được thành lập tại thành phố quê hương ông vào năm 1975.

Joan Miró là họa sĩ, nhà điêu khắc, và người làm đồ gốm người được sinh ra tại thành phố cảng biển Barcelona. Cha của Joan Miró là một người làm đồng hồ và mẹ một thợ kim hoàn, ông được tiếp xúc với nghệ thuật từ khi còn rất trẻ. Đã có một số bản vẽ lưu lại khi ông chỉ có 8 tuổi. Miró ghi danh theo học tại Trường Mỹ thuật Công nghiệp và Mỹ thuật ở Barcelona cho đến năm 1910, trong quá trình tham gia của mình, ông được dạy bởi Modest Urgell và Josep Pasco.

Khi Joan Miró, một trong những nghệ sĩ xứ Catalan, Tây Ban Nha, được đóng khung như một họa sĩ siêu thực, Andre Breton, người sáng lập phong trào, đã tuyên bố vào năm 1928 rằng “tính siêu thực trong tác phẩm của Joan Miró có thể vượt qua chất siêu thực của tất cả chúng ta”. Joan Miró mất vào năm 1983 ở tuổi 90. Tác phẩm của ông vốn phong phú với nhiều tranh sơn dầu, khắc gỗ, đồ gốm, bản vẽ, bản in, và thậm chí thiết kế sân khấu và tranh thêu trên thảm. Đến cuối cuộc đời của ông, Miro đã thực hiện tranh vẽ và tác phẩm điêu khắc theo phong cách chủ nghĩa biểu hiện trừu tượng, nghệ thuật Pop.

Sau khi vượt qua cơn bệnh sốt thương hàn nghiêm trọng vào năm 1911, Miró đã quyết định cống hiến cuộc đời của mình hoàn toàn cho nghệ thuật bằng cách theo học trường nghệ thuật giảng dạy bởi Francesc Gali. Ông học tại trường La Lonja Mỹ thuật ở Barcelona, ​​và năm 1918 Joan Miró tổ chức cuộc triển lãm cá nhân đầu tiên tại Phòng trưng bày Dalmau, trong cùng một thành phố. Tác phẩm của ông thời gian này đường nét ngây ngô, tinh khiết và màu sắc rực rỡ, các hình dạng lấy từ xu hướng lập thể, ảnh hưởng từ nghệ thuật dân gian xứ Catalan và từ những bức bích họa La Mã ở các nhà thờ.

Trước năm 1920, ông tập trung vào sáng tác những bức họa màu nước theo phong cách Fauves và lập thể.

Năm 1920, Miró chuyển tới Paris. Tại đây, dưới sự thăng hoa của dòng văn học siêu thực, họa sĩ bắt đầu phát triển phong cách siêu thực của mình. Những hình ảnh như trong mơ của Harlequin’s Carnival hay Dutch Interior thường chứa đựng nét quái dị và pha chút hài hước. Hình dạng tự nhiên của người và vật được ông mô tả rất kỳ quái và khó hiểu.

Năm 1921, ông đã tổ chức triển lãm cá nhân đầu tiên ở Paris, tại Gallery La Licorne. Năm 1928, ông triển lãm với một nhóm siêu thực trong Gallery Pierre, cũng ở Paris, mặc dù Miró là luôn luôn duy trì chất lượng độc lập của mình đối với các nhóm và ý thức hệ. Ông cũng thử nghiệm với nhiều hình thức nghệ thuật khác, chẳng hạn như khắc, in thạch bản, màu nước, phấn màu, và bức tranh trên đồng. Những gì được đặc biệt nhấn mạnh từ thời kỳ này gồm hai bức tranh tường gốm mà ông thực hiện cho các tòa nhà UNESCO ở Paris (1957-1959).

Joan Miró được coi là họa sĩ tiêu biểu nhất cho trường phái siêu thực. Gạt bỏ những quy ước của hội họa truyền thống, ông đưa trí tưởng tượng tuyệt vời vào trong những sáng tác của mình. Các tác phẩm của Miró mang một sức mạnh tiềm tàng mà không phải ai cũng hiểu được.

Các tác phẩm siêu trần của Miró có xu hướng chống lại sự bằng phẳng đơn điệu và được thể hiện bằng các gam màu sáng như xanh và vàng. Không chỉ là họa sĩ, ông còn là nhà điêu khắc nổi tiếng và tác giả của những bức phấn màu. Ngoài ra, các tác phẩm đồ gốm của ông cũng vô cùng giá trị, nổi bật là Wall of the Moon và Wall Of the Sun. Miró qua đời vào ngày 25/12/1983 và trở thành một trong những tên tuổi sáng giá nhất trong làng hội họa thế kỷ 20.

Từ năm 1925 đến năm 1927, Miró vẽ một loạt nhiều bức tranh, nhiều người gọi loạt tranh này là “vô thức”, số khác thì gọi tên chúng là “Tranh từ giấc mơ”. Rất nhiều nhóm theo chủ nghĩa siêu thực đã lấy cảm hứng từ hình ảnh loạt tranh vô thức này của Miró. Những hình ảnh trên tranh là những đường nét, rời rạc và lơ lửng trong không gian trống rỗng, trông chúng như thể đang trôi bềnh bồng trên màu nền của tranh. Theo truyền thuyết thì người nghệ sĩ đôi khi chỉ vẽ trong tình trạng ảo giác, khao khát cùng cực, cứ chăm chăm nhìn vào mảng trống bề mặt bức tranh cho đến khi các hình ảnh tự chúng xuất hiện. Dầu sao, nhiều bức tranh trong loạt tranh “vô thức” của Joan Miró đã bắt đầu bằng những phác thảo mang dấu vết không hoàn toàn đến từ ngẫu nhiên.

Joan Miró

(20 April 1893 – 25 December 1983) was a Catalan Spanish painter, sculptor, and ceramicist born in Barcelona. A museum dedicated to his work, the Fundació Joan Miró, was established in his native city of Barcelona in 1975, and another, the Fundació Pilar i Joan Miró, was established in his adoptive city ofPalma de Mallorca in 1981.

Earning international acclaim, his work has been interpreted as Surrealism, a sandbox for the subconscious mind, a re-creation of the childlike, and a manifestation of Catalan pride. In numerous interviews dating from the 1930s onwards, Miró expressed contempt for conventional painting methods as a way of supporting bourgeois society, and famously declared an "assassination of painting" in favour of upsetting the visual elements of established painting.

Career

Miró initially went to business school as well as art school. He began his working career when he was a teenager as a clerk, although he abandoned the business world completely for art after suffering a nervous breakdown. His early art, like that of the similarly influenced Fauves and Cubists exhibited in Barcelona, was inspired by Vincent van Gogh and Paul Cézanne. The resemblance of Miró's work to that of the intermediate generation of the avant-garde has led scholars to dub this period his Catalan Fauvist period.

A few years after Miró’s 1918 Barcelona solo exhibition, he settled in Paris where he finished a number of paintings that he had begun on his parents’ summer home and farm in Mont-roig del Camp. One such painting, The Farm, showed a transition to a more individual style of painting and certain nationalistic qualities. Ernest Hemingway, who later purchased the piece, compared the artistic accomplishment to James Joyce’s Ulysses and described it by saying, “It has in it all that you feel about Spain when you are there and all that you feel when you are away and cannot go there. No one else has been able to paint these two very opposing things.” Miró annually returned to Mont-roig and developed a symbolism and nationalism that would stick with him throughout his career. Catalan Landscape (The Hunter) and the Tilled Field, two of Miró’s first works classified as Surrealist, employ the symbolic language that was to dominate the art of the next decade.

In 1924, Miró joined the Surrealist group. The already symbolic and poetic nature of Miró’s work, as well as the dualities and contradictions inherent to it, fit well within the context of dream-like automatism espoused by the group. Much of Miró’s work lost the cluttered chaotic lack of focus that had defined his work thus far, and he experimented with collage and the process of painting within his work so as to reject the framing that traditional painting provided. This antagonistic attitude towards painting manifested itself when Miró referred to his work in 1924 ambiguously as “x” in a letter to poet friend Michel Leiris. The paintings that came out of this period were eventually dubbed Miró’s dream paintings.

Miró did not completely abandon subject matter. Despite the Surrealist automatic techniques that he employed extensively in the 1920s, sketches show that his work was often the result of a methodical process. Miró’s work rarely dipped into non-objectivity, maintaining a symbolic, schematic language. This was perhaps most prominent in the repeated Head of a Catalan Peasant series of 1924 to 1925. In 1926, he collaborated with Max Ernst on designs for ballet impresario Sergei Diaghilev. With Miró's help, Ernst pioneered the technique of grattage, in which he troweled pigment onto his canvases.

Miró returned to a more representational form of painting with The Dutch Interiors of 1928. Crafted after works by Hendrik Martenszoon Sorgh and Jan Steen seen as postcard reproductions, the paintings reveal the influence of a trip to Holland taken by the artist. These paintings share more in common with Tilled Field or Harlequin’s Carnival than with the minimalistic dream paintings produced a few years earlier.

Miró married Pilar Juncosa in Palma (Majorca) on 12 October 1929; their daughter Dolors was born 17 July 1931. In 1931,Pierre Matisse opened an art gallery in New York City. The Pierre Matisse Gallery (which existed until Matisse's death in 1989) became an influential part of the Modern art movement in America. From the outset Matisse represented Joan Miró and introduced his work to the United States market by frequently exhibiting Miró's work in New York.

Until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, Miró habitually returned to Spain in the summers. Once the war began, he was unable to return home. Unlike many of his surrealist contemporaries, Miró had previously preferred to stay away from explicitly political commentary in his work. Though a sense of (Catalan) nationalism pervaded his earliest surreal landscapes and Head of a Catalan Peasant, it wasn’t until Spain’s Republican government commissioned him to paint the mural, The Reaper, for the Spanish Republican Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exhibition, that Miró’s work took on a politically charged meaning.

In 1939, with Germany’s invasion of France looming, Miró relocated to Varengeville in Normandy, and on 20 May of the following year, as Germans invaded Paris, he narrowly fled to Spain (now controlled by Francisco Franco) for the duration of the Vichy Regime’s rule. In Varengeville, Palma, and Mont-roig, between 1940 and 1941, Miró created the twenty-three gouache series Constellations. Revolving around celestial symbolism, Constellations earned the artist praise from André Breton, who seventeen years later wrote a series of poems, named after and inspired by Miró's series. Features of this work revealed a shifting focus to the subjects of women, birds, and the moon, which would dominate his iconography for much of the rest of his career.

Shuzo Takiguchi published the first monograph on Miró in 1940. In 1948 - 49 Miró lived in Barcelona and made frequent visits to Paris to work on printing techniques at the Mourlot Studios and the Atelier Lacourière. He developed a close relationship with Fernand Mourlot and that resulted in the production of over one thousand different lithographic editions.

In 1959, André Breton asked Miró to represent Spain in The Homage to Surrealism exhibition alongside Enrique Tábara,Salvador Dalí, and Eugenio Granell. Miró created a series of sculptures and ceramics for the garden of the Maeght Foundation in Saint-Paul-de-Vence, France, which was completed in 1964.

In 1974, Miró created a tapestry for the World Trade Center in New York City together with the Catalan artist Josep Royo. He had initially refused to do a tapestry, then he learned the craft from Royo and the two artists produced several works together. His World Trade Center Tapestry was displayed for many years at the World Trade Center building. It was one of the most expensive works of art lost during the September 11 attacks.

In 1977, Miró and Royo finished a tapestry to be exhibited in the National Gallery in Washington, USA.

In 1981, Miró's The Sun, the Moon and One Star - later renamed Miró's Chicago - was unveiled. This large, mixed media sculpture is situated outdoors in the downtown Loop area of Chicago, across the street from another large public sculpture, the Chicago Picasso. Miró had created a bronze model of The Sun, the Moon and One Star in 1967. The maquette now resides in the Milwaukee Art Museum.

Late life and death

In 1979 Miró received a doctorate honoris causa from the University of Barcelona. The artist, who suffered from heart disease, died in his home in Palma (Majorca) on December 25, 1983.

Works

Early fauvist

His early modernist works include Portrait of Vincent Nubiola (1917), Siurana - the Path, Nord-Sud (1917) and Painting of Toledo. These works show the influence of Cézanne, and fill the canvas with a colourful surface and a more painterly treatment than the hard-edge style of most of his later works. In Nord-Sud, the literary newspaper of that name appears in the still life, a compositional device common in cubist compositions, but also a reference to the literary and avant-garde interests of the painter.

Magical realism

Starting in 1920, Miró developed a very precise style, picking out every element in isolation and detail and arranging them in deliberate composition. These works, including House with Palm Tree (1918), Nude with a Mirror (1919), and The Table - Still Life with Rabbit (1920), show the clear influence of Cubism, although in a restrained way, being applied to only a proportion of the subject. For example, The Farmer's Wife (1922–23), is realistic, but some are stylized or deformed, such as the treatment of the woman's feet, which are enlarged and flattened.

The culmination of this style was The Farm (1921–22). The rural Catalan scene it depicts is augmented by an avant-garde French newspaper in the center, showing Miró sees this work transformed by the Modernist theories he had been exposed to in Paris. The concentration on each element as equally important was a key step towards generating a pictorial sign for each element. The background is rendered in flat or patterned in simple areas, highlighting the separation of figure and ground, which would become important in his mature style.

Miró made many attempts to promote this work, but his surrealist colleagues found it too realistic and apparently conventional, and so he soon turned to a more explicitly surrealist approach.

Early surrealism

In 1922, Miró explored abstracted, strongly coloured surrealism in at least one painting. From the summer of 1923 in Mont-roig, Miró began a key set of paintings where abstracted pictorial signs, rather than the realistic representations used in The Farm, are predominant. In The Tilled Field, Catalan Landscape (The Hunter)and Pastoral (1923–24), these flat shapes and lines (mostly black or strongly coloured) suggest the subjects, sometimes quite cryptically. For Catalan Landscape (The Hunter), Miró represents the hunter with a combination of signs: a triangle for the head, curved lines for the moustache, angular lines for the body. So encoded is this work that at a later time Miró provided a precise explanation of the signs used.

Surrealist pictorial language

Through the mid-1920s Miró developed the pictorial sign language which would be central throughout the rest of his career. In Harlequin's Carnival (1924–25), there is a clear continuation of the line begun with The Tilled Field. But in subsequent works, such as The Happiness of Loving My Brunette (1925) and Painting (Fratellini)(1927), there are far fewer foreground figures, and those that remain are simplified.

Soon after Miró also began his Spanish Dancer series of works. These simple collages, were like a conceptual counterpoint to his paintings. In Spanish Dancer(1928) he combines a cork, a feather and a hatpin onto a blank sheet of paper.

Livres d'Artiste

Miró created over 250 illustrated books. These were known as "Livres d' Artiste." One such work was published in 1974, at the urging of the widow of the French poet Robert Desnos, titled "Les pénalités de l'enfer ou les nouvelles Hébrides" ("The Penalties of Hell or The New Hebrides"). It was a set of 25 lithographs, five in black, and the others in colors.

In 2006 the book was displayed in "Joan Miró, Illustrated Books" at the Vero Beach Museum of Art. One critic said it is "an especially powerful set, not only for the rich imagery but also for the story behind the book's creation. The lithographs are long, narrow verticals, and while they feature Miró's familiar shapes, there's an unusual emphasis on texture." The critic continued, "I was instantly attracted to these four prints, to an emotional lushness, that's in contrast with the cool surfaces of so much of Miró's work. Their poignancy is even greater, I think, when you read how they came to be. The artist met and became friends with Desnos, perhaps the most beloved and influential surrealist writer, in 1925, and before long, they made plans to collaborate on a livre d'artiste. Those plans were put on hold because of the Spanish Civil War and World War II. Desnos' bold criticism of the latter led to his imprisonment in Auschwitz, and he died at age 45 shortly after his release in 1945. Nearly three decades later, at the suggestion of Desnos' widow, Miró set out to illustrate the poet's manuscript. It was his first work in prose, which was written in Morocco in 1922 but remained unpublished until this posthumous collaboration."

Styles and development

In Paris, under the influence of poets and writers, he developed his unique style:organic forms and flattened picture planes drawn with a sharp line. Generally thought of as a Surrealist because of his interest in automatism and the use of sexual symbols (for example, ovoids with wavy lines emanating from them), Miró's style was influenced in varying degrees by Surrealism and Dada, yet he rejected membership in any artistic movement in the interwar European years. André Breton described him as "the most Surrealist of us all." Miró confessed to creating one of his most famous works, Harlequin's Carnival, under similar circumstances :

How did I think up my drawings and my ideas for painting? Well I'd come home to my Paris studio in Rue Blomet at night, I'd go to bed, and sometimes I hadn't any supper. I saw things, and I jotted them down in a notebook. I saw shapes on the ceiling...

Miró's surrealist origins evolved out of "repression" much like all Spanish surrealist and magic realist work, especially because of his Catalan ethnicity, which was subject to special persecution by the Franco regime. Also, Joan Miró was well aware of Haitian Voodoo art and Cuban Santería religion through his travels before going into exile. This led to his signature style of art making.

Experimental style

Joan Miró was among the first artists to develop automatic drawing as a way to undo previous established techniques in painting, and thus, with André Masson, represented the beginning of Surrealism as an art movement. However, Miró chose not to become an official member of the Surrealists in order to be free to experiment with other artistic styles without compromising his position within the group. He pursued his own interests in the art world, ranging from automatic drawing and surrealism, to expressionism, Lyrical Abstraction, and Color Field painting. Four-dimensional painting was a theoretical type of painting Miró proposed in which painting would transcend its two-dimensionality and even the three-dimensionality of sculpture.

Miró's oft-quoted interest in the assassination of painting is derived from a dislike of bourgeois art, which he believed was used as a way to promote propaganda and cultural identity among the wealthy. Specifically, Miró responded to Cubism in this way, which by the time of his quote had become an established art form in France. He is quoted as saying "I will break their guitar," referring to Picasso's paintings, with the intent to attack the popularity and appropriation of Picasso's art by politics.

The spectacle of the sky overwhelms me. I'm overwhelmed when I see, in an immense sky, the crescent of the moon, or the sun. There, in my pictures, tiny forms in huge empty spaces. Empty spaces, empty horizons, empty plains - everything which is bare has always greatly impressed me. - Joan Miró, 1958, quoted in Twentieth-Century Artists on Art.

In an interview with biographer Walter Erben, Miró expressed his dislike for art critics, saying, they "are more concerned with being philosophers than anything else. They form a preconceived opinion, then they look at the work of art. Painting merely serves as a cloak in which to wrap their emaciated philosophical systems."

In the final decades of his life Miró accelerated his work in different media, producing hundreds of ceramics, including the Wall of the Moon and Wall of the Sun at the UNESCO building in Paris. He also made temporary window paintings (on glass) for an exhibit. In the last years of his life Miró wrote his most radical and least known ideas, exploring the possibilities of gas sculpture and four-dimensional painting.

Exhibitions

Throughout the 1960s, Miró was a featured artist in many salon shows assembled by the Maeght Foundation that also included works by Marc Chagall, Giacometti, Brach, Cesar, Ubac, and Tal-Coat.

The large retrospectives devoted to Miró in his old age in towns such as New York (1972), London (1972), Saint-Paul-de-Vence (1973) and Paris (1974) were a good indication of the international acclaim that had grown steadily over the previous half-century; further major retrospectives took place posthumously. Political changes in his native country led in 1978 to the first full exhibition of his painting and graphic work, at the Museo Español de Arte Contemporáneo in Madrid. In 1993, the year of the hundredth anniversary of his birth, several exhibitions were held, among which the most prominent were those held in the Fundació Joan Miró, Barcelona, the Museum of Modern Art, New York, the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, and the Galerie Lelong, Paris. In 2011, another retrospective was mounted by the Tate Modern, London, and travelled to Fundació Joan Miró and the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Legacy and influence

Joan Miró has been a significant influence on late 20th-century art, in particular the American abstract expressionist artists such asMotherwell, Calder, Gorky, Pollock, Matta and Rothko, while his lyrical abstractions and color field paintings were precursors of that style by artists such as Frankenthaler, Olitski and Louis and others. His work has also influenced modern designers, including Paul Rand and Lucienne Day, and influenced recent painters such as Julian Hatton. Recognition

In 1954 he was given the Venice Biennale print making prize, in 1958 the Guggenheim International Award, and in 1980 he received the Gold Medal of Fine Arts from King Juan Carlos of Spain.

In 1981, the Palma City Council (Majorca) established the Fundació Pilar i Joan Miró a Mallorca, housed in the four studios that Miró had donated for the purpose.

Art market Today, Miró's paintings sell for between US$250,000 and US$26 million; US$17 million at a U.S. auction for the La Caresse des étoiles (1938) on 6 May 2008, at the time the highest amount paid for one of his works. In 2012, Painting-Poem ("le corps de ma brune puisque je l'aime comme ma chatte habillée en vert salade comme de la grêle c'est pareil") (1925) was sold at Christie's London for $26.6 million. Later that year at Sotheby's in London, Peinture (Etoile Bleue) (1927) brought nearly 23.6 million pounds with fees, more than twice what it had sold for at a Paris auction in 2007 and a record price for the artist at auction.